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The Iranian Revolution (also known as the Islamic Revolution or the 1979 Revolution;〔(Islamic Revolution ), Iran Chamber.〕〔(Islamic Revolution of Iran ), MS Encarta. (Archived ) October 31, 2009.〕〔(The Islamic Revolution ), Internews.〕〔(Islamic Revolution ).〕〔(Iran Profile ), PDF.〕〔''The Shah and the Ayatollah: Iranian Mythology and Islamic Revolution'' (Hardcover), ISBN 0-275-97858-3, by Fereydoun Hoveyda, brother of Amir Abbas Hoveyda.〕 Persian: انقلاب اسلامی, ''Enghelābe Eslāmi'' or انقلاب بیست و دو بهمن) refers to events involving the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty under Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, who was supported by the United States〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, Encyclopedia Britannica )〕 and its eventual replacement with an Islamic republic under the Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the leader of the revolution, supported by various leftist and Islamic organizations and Iranian student movements. Demonstrations against the Shah commenced in October 1977, developing into a campaign of civil resistance that included both secular and religious elements.〔〔Ervand Abrahamian, 'Mass Protests in the Islamic Revolution, 1977–79’, in Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash (eds.), ''Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present.'' Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press (2009), pp. 162–78.〕 and which intensified in January 1978.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Iranian Revolution )〕 Between August and December 1978 strikes and demonstrations paralyzed the country. The Shah left Iran for exile on January 16, 1979, as the last Persian monarch, leaving his duties to a regency council and an opposition-based prime minister. Ayatollah Khomeini was invited back to Iran by the government,〔〔 and returned to Tehran to a greeting by several million Iranians.〔(1979: Exiled Ayatollah Khomeini returns to Iran )| bbc.co.uk〕 The royal reign collapsed shortly after on February 11 when guerrillas and rebel troops overwhelmed troops loyal to the Shah in armed street fighting, bringing Khomeini to official power.〔Graham, ''Iran'' (1980) p. 228.〕〔Kurzman, Charles, ''The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran'', Harvard University Press, 2004, p.111〕 Iran voted by national referendum to become an Islamic Republic on April 1, 1979,〔(Iran Islamic Republic ), Encyclopædia Britannica.〕 and to approve a new theocratic-republican constitution〔〔〔 whereby Khomeini became Supreme Leader of the country, in December 1979. The revolution was unusual for the surprise it created throughout the world:〔Amuzegar, ''The Dynamics of the Iranian Revolution,'' (1991), p.4, 9–12〕 it lacked many of the customary causes of revolution (defeat at war, a financial crisis, peasant rebellion, or disgruntled military),〔Arjomand, ''Turban'' (1988), p. 191.〕 occurred in a nation that was enjoying relatively good material wealth and prosperity,〔〔 produced profound change at great speed,〔Amuzegar, Jahangir, ''The Dynamics of the Iranian Revolution,'' SUNY Press, p.10〕 was massively popular, resulted in the exile of many Iranians,〔Kurzman, ''The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran'', (2004), p.121〕 and replaced a pro-Western semi-absolute monarchy〔 with an anti-Western authoritarian theocracy〔〔〔〔International Journal of Middle East Studies, 19, 1987, p. 261〕 based on the concept of Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists (or ''velayat-e faqih''). It was a relatively non-violent revolution, and helped to redefine the meaning and practice of modern revolutions (although there was violence in its aftermath).〔(【引用サイトリンク】first=Daniel )〕 Its outcome – an Islamic Republic "under the guidance of a religious scholar from Qom" – was, as one scholar put it, "clearly an occurrence that had to be explained".〔Benard, ''"The Government of God"'' (1984), p. 18.〕 == Causes == (詳細はpopulist, nationalist and, later, Shi'a Islamic character include a conservative backlash against the Westernizing and secularizing efforts of the Western-backed Shah, a liberal backlash to social injustice,〔Abrahamian, ''Iran Between Two Revolutions'', (1982), 534-5〕 a rise in expectations created by the 1973 oil revenue windfall and an overly ambitious economic program, anger over a short, sharp economic contraction in 1977–78,〔According to Kurzman, scholars writing on the revolution who have mentioned this include: *Sick, ''All Fall Down'', p.187; *Fischer, ''Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution'', Harvard University Press, 1980, p.189; *Keddie, `Iranian Revolutions in Comparative Perspective, ` ''American Historical Review'', 1983, v.88, p.589; *Bakhash, ''The Reign of the Ayatollahs'', p.13〕 and other shortcomings of the previous regime. The Shah's regime became increasingly oppressive, brutal,〔Harney, ''The Priest'' (1998), pp. 37, 47, 67, 128, 155, 167.〕〔''Iran Between Two Revolutions'' by Ervand Abrahamian, p.437〕 corrupt, and extravagant.〔〔Mackay, ''Iranians'' (1998), pp. 236, 260.〕 It also suffered from basic functional failures that brought economic bottlenecks, shortages, and inflation.〔Graham, ''Iran'' (1980), pp. 19, 96.〕 The Shah was perceived by many as beholden to — if not a puppet of — a non-Muslim Western power (the United States)〔Brumberg, ''Reinventing Khomeini'' (2001).〕〔Shirley, ''Know Thine Enemy'' (1997), p. 207.〕 whose culture was affecting that of Iran. At the same time, support for the Shah may have waned among Western politicians and media – especially under the administration of U.S. President Jimmy Carter – as a result of the Shah's support for OPEC petroleum price increases earlier in the decade.〔Andrew Scott Cooper. ''The Oil Kings: How the U.S., Iran, and Saudi Arabia Changed the Balance of Power in the Middle East.'' Simon & Schuster, 2011. ISBN 1439155178.〕 When President Carter enacted a human-rights policy which said countries guilty of human-rights violations would be deprived of American arms or aid, this helped give some Iranians the courage to post open letters and petitions in the hope that the repression by the government might subside.〔Keddie, Nikki R. Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution, First Edition. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2006. 214.〕 That the revolution replaced the monarchy of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi with Islamism and Khomeini, rather than with another leader and ideology, is credited in part to the spread of the Shia version of the Islamic revival that opposed Westernization and saw Ayatollah Khomeini as following in the footsteps of the Shi'a Imam Husayn ibn Ali and the Shah in the role of Husayn's foe, the hated tyrant Yazid I.〔Taheri, ''The Spirit of Allah'' (1985), p. 238.〕 Other factors include the underestimation of Khomeini's Islamist movement by both the Shah's reign – who considered them a minor threat compared to the Marxists and Islamic socialists〔Moin, ''Khomeini'' (2000), p. 178.〕〔Hoveyda ''Shah'' (2003) p. 22.〕〔Abrahamian, ''Iran'' (1982), pp. 533–4.〕 – and by the secularist, opponents of the government – who thought the Khomeinists could be sidelined.〔Schirazi, ''The Constitution of Iran'' (1997), pp. 293–4.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Iranian Revolution」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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